Pipunculus

Introduction

There are 71 valid, extant species of Pipunculus. This genus has a predominantly Holarctic distribution. Only two species have distributions exclusively in the Neotropical Region while an additional three species have ranges that extend into the Neotropics. Recent regional revisions and/or keys can be found in Skevington & Marshall (1998 – Nearctic), Dunk (1997 – Central Europe), Kozanek (1981 – ‘Czechoslovakia’), and Coe (1966 – Great Britain). Despite the presence of several recent European keys, the taxonomy of Pipunculus in this region is poorly understood. A revision of this genus in the Palaearctic is badly needed. The work of Skevington in the Nearctic also needs revisiting. This is a difficult group and variation in genitalia within species may indicate the presence of species complexes. Molecular data should be included in future revisions of this genus as an independent test of species concepts.

Characteristics

Pipunculus specimens are distinctive, hairy flies. They have a propleural fan of hairs as in related genera, but unlike Cephalops, Cephalosphaera, Collinas and Microcephalops they have at least the front half of the thorax completely covered with hairs. In fact, most species of Pipunculus have the entire dorsum of the thorax and the entire abdomen densely covered with hairs. Only a few species have the hairs restricted only to the front half of the thorax.

References

Cameron, H. D. 1974. The etymology of the names Pipunculus Latreille and Dorilas Meigen (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Great Lakes Ent. 7: 31-32.

Coe, R. L. 1966. Diptera Pipunculidae. Royal Entomological Society, London.

Dunk, K. v. d. 1997. Key to Central European species of Pipunculidae (Diptera). Studia Dipterologica 4: 289-335.

Kozánek, M. 1981. Genus Pipunculus Latreille (Diptera, Pipunculidae) in Czechoslovakia. Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae 142: 1-16.

Kuznetzov, S. Y. 1991. New Palaearctic species of the genus Pipunculus (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Dipterological Research 2: 1-51.

Morakote, R. and Y. Hirashima. 1990. A systematic study of the Japanese Pipunculidae (Diptera) Part IV. The genus Pipunculus Latreille. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 34: 215-239.

Rafael, J. A. 1986. Parapipunculus, a new genus of Pipunculidae (Diptera) from the Nearctic Region and Mexico. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 30: 421-424.

Rafael, J. A. 1991. As espécies Neotropicais do gênero Pipunculus (S. Str.) Latreille (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35: 179-186.

Rafael, J. A. and M. D. d. S. Menezes. 1999. Taxonomic review of Costa Rican Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera). Revista de biologia tropical 47: 513-534.

Skevington, J. and S. A. Marshall. 1998. Systematics of New World Pipunculus (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.