Under Construction

Rhacophoridae

Old World Treefrogs

David Cannatella
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
from Frost (1985)
Containing group: Neobatrachia

Introduction

These Old World treefrogs are found in India, Sri Lanka, China, SE Asia, Indonesia, Japan, the East Indes, and Madagascar; only Chiromantis is found on continental Africa. Sometimes the mantelline ranids are included in Rhacophoridae.

In general rhacophorids are much larger than hyperoliids, some up to 12 cm. These frogs are mostly arboreal, with flattened bodies. Many species have broad, flat, relatively bony skulls. In many species the eggs are laid in arboreal foam nests, and the newly hatched tadpoles fall into water below to complete development. Some species have direct development. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus is known to be a glider, using its heavily webbed hands and feet to control its descent. Two subfamilies are recognized: Philautinae and Rhacophorinae.

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

Ford and Cannatella (1993) defined Rhacophoridae to be the most recent common ancestor of the ten genera listed in Duellman and Trueb (1986), and all the descendants of that ancestor. Liem (1970) included the mantellines (Laurentomantis, Mantella, and Mantidactylus) as part of Rhacophoridae. However, BlommersSchlösser (1979) and Dubois (1981) treated the mantellines as part of Ranidae. Channing's (1989) analysis of Liem's (1970) data indicated that mantellines were nested within rhacophorids. Therefore, if mantellines are excluded from Rhacophoridae, as in Duellman and Trueb (1986), the latter is not monophyletic. If at some later time the mantellines are demonstrated to be not nested within Rhacophoridae, the taxon as we have defined it will still be monophyletic, but it will not include mantellines.

Channing's (1989) analysis listed six synapomorphies of Rhacophoridae, including mantelline ranids. Two of these are the fusion of the carpals and fusion of the tarsals. However, the polarity of these states is incorrect, given the widespread occurrence of these states in most ranids, except for arthroleptines and astylosternines. The other four synapomorphies are (1) only one slip of the extensor digitorum communis longus muscle, inserting on distal portion of fourth metatarsal, (2) outermost slip of the palmaris longus muscle inserting on the proximolateral rim of the aponeurosis palmaris, (3) frontoparietal trapezoidal, and (4) bifurcate terminal phalanx. The first two of these show limited homoplasy consistency index of 0.5 for both, and neither state is found in hyperoliids. The latter two show greater homoplasy (consistency indices of 0.33 and 0.2, respectively), and also occur in hyperoliids. If hyperoliids are not the sister-group of rhacophorids, then the presence of intercalary elements is a synapomorphy of Rhacophoridae, including mantellines.

Channing (1989) listed seven synapomorphies uniting the hyperoliids and rhacophorids. However, given that his analysis assumed the monophyly of these two groups, these apparent synapomorphies may be simply be an artifact of the analysis. Three of these are related to arboreality (modifications of the muscles to the fingers and toes, and expansion of the digital tips). Two others (anterior process of the hyoid and shape of the eighth vertebra) have the plesiomorphic state widely distributed among both hyperoliids and rhacophorids. The last two of the seven are part of one transformation series, and describe the degree of exposure of the sphenethmoid.

Other Names for Rhacophoridae

References

Click here for general list of references

Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

1. Polypedates sp.; Thailand; photo © 1995 David Cannatella
2. Buergeria japanicus, Taiwan; photo © 1995 David Cannatella

Copyright © 1995 David Cannatella
Copyright © 1995 David Cannatella
About This Page
If you are interested in authoring or co-authoring the page for this taxon, or some part of it (even a species), contact David Cannatella.

David Cannatella
University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA

Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to David Cannatella at

Page: Tree of Life Rhacophoridae. Old World Treefrogs. Authored by David Cannatella. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Cannatella, David. 1995. Rhacophoridae. Old World Treefrogs. Version 01 January 1995 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Rhacophoridae/16960/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

edit this page
close box

This page is a Tree of Life Branch Page.

Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

close box

Rhacophoridae

Page Content

articles & notes

collections

people

Explore Other Groups

random page

  go to the Tree of Life home page
top