Psocetae
Bark Lice
Emilie Bess and Kevin P. JohnsonThis tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
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close boxIntroduction
The four families of Infraorder Psocetae are all bark or stone surface dwellers. These insects are 2-8mm long and eat lichens, algae, and fungus.
Characteristics
- General appearance:
- Medium to large in size, about 3-8 mm.
- Coloration variable, but usually whitish in ground colour and with dark brown markings.
- All bark or stone surface dwellers.
- Head with rounded vertex
- postclypeus not strongly bulged
- internal ridge of epistomal suture narrow
- anteclypeus sclerotized
- male eyes usually much larger than female's
- ocelli complete, not clustered on small tubercle
- mandible short, outer margin smoothly rounded, posterolateral margin not hollowed
- lacinial tip variable
- galea flattened
- labial palpus rounded
- Thorax
- prothorax less bulged dorsally
- pterothorax greatly bulged dorsally
- median part of mesoscutellum pentagonal
- mesothorax with narrow precoxal bridge and broad trochantin
- membranous region of metaepisternum broad.
- Forewing often with dark brown markings
- posteroproximal corner smoothly rounded
- veins and wing margin glabrous
- top of CuA1 usually connected with M except free in Psilopsocidae
- A2 never present.
- Hindwing glabrous, posteroproximal corner smoothly rounded
- Sc clear Rs and M , Cu fused for long distance basally
- Rs and M fused or connected by crossvein (some genera in Myopsocidae).
- Legs
- hind tarsus with row of broad ctenidia based setae (condition of this character in Psilopsocidae not examined or documented)
- tarsi 2- or 3-segmented claws with preapical tooth pulvillus broad or narrow (Psocidae).
- Abdomen without eversible vesicles ventrally.
- Male genitalia:
- paraproct with process on distal margin.
- hypandrium usually with complex distal processes or lobes.
- phallosome variable
- internal valve present or absent external valve often absent
- endophallus lacking sclerotized portion.
- Female genitalia:
- paraproct with cylindrical distal projection.
- subgenital plate with 1-lobed egg guide extending from ventral margin
- apex of egg guide usually bearing setae.
- gonapophyses complete and variable in structure
- external valve internally expanded.
Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships
The monophyly of Psocetae is supported with molecular data (mtDNA genes 12S, 16S, and COI and 18S rDNA; Johnson & Mockford 2003). Morphological data have excluded Hemipscoidae from the infraorder, however, based on four characters (from Yoshizawa 2002):
- absence of the epistoma suture
- broadened first axillary sclerite
- two-branched M vein in forewing
- a CuA1-M crossvein in forewing.
References
Yoshizawa, K. 2002. Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea:'Psocoptera'). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 371-400.
About This Page
Emilie Bess
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA
Kevin P. Johnson
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Emilie Bess at and Kevin P. Johnson at
Page copyright © 2005 Emilie Bess and Kevin P. Johnson
- First online 11 October 2006
Citing this page:
Bess, Emilie and Johnson, Kevin P. 2006. Psocetae. Bark Lice. Version 11 October 2006 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Psocetae/30220/2006.10.11 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/