Under Construction

Taoniinae Pfeffer 1912

Richard E. Young
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
taxon links [up-->]Taonius [up-->]Megalocranchia [up-->]Helicocranchia [up-->]Sandalops [up-->]Teuthowenia [up-->]Liguriella [up-->]Egea [up-->]Mesonychoteuthis [up-->]Galiteuthis [up-->]Bathothauma [down<--]Cranchiidae Interpreting the tree
close box

This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.

The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.

example of a tree diagram

You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.

For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Interpreting the Tree or Classification. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our Phylogenetic Biology pages.

close box
Containing group: Cranchiidae

Introduction

The Taoniinae is much more diverse in genera and species than the Cranchiinae.

Brief diagnosis:

A cranchiid ...

Characteristics

  1. Arms
    1. Arms IV not hectocotylized in males.

  2. Head
    1. Eyes on stalks in paralarvae and in some juveniles.
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure.  Paralarvae of Megalocranchia fisheri (left, anterolateral view) and Bathothauma lyromma (right, dorsal view), Hawaiian waters. Stalked eyes in which the eye and optic lobe are separated from the brain by a long optic stalk, is unique to the Cranchiidae and are present in young stages of virtually all taoniins. Photographs by R. Young.

  3. Funnel
    1. Funnel not fused to head laterally.

  4. Mantle.
    1. Cartilagenous strips on mantle absent. Cartilagenous tubercules, when present, occur only where the mantle is fused to the head and funnel at the funnel and nuchal locking-points.

  5. Photophores
    1. Eyes with one to three (most commonly two) photophores of very different sizes and shapes.
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure. Ventrolateral view of the head and funnel of Taonius borealis, showing (1) the most common photophore arrangement of ocular photophores in the Taoniinae and (2) the two small tubercules the mantle is fused to the funnel. Each photophore is composed of two components, a golden-colored region bearing the photogenetic material, and a white region composed of light guides to distribute the light over the eyeball. Also note . Photograph by H-J Hoving.

  6. Viscera
    1. Stomach larger than caecum.

Comparison of genera (blank cell = N)

  Fins small, separate, paddle-like Short, lanceolate fins inserting on broadest point on gladius Moderate, lanceolate fins inserting on mantle Long, lanceolate, terminal fins Funnel valve
Tubercules at funnel-mantle fusion
Tubular eyes in juveniles Hooks or hook-like suckers on clubs Three photo-phores on eyeball Photo-phores on viscera Suckers on tentacle stalk in 4 series. Distally only*
Bathothauma Y                   Y*
Helicocranchia Y                    
Sandalops   Y         Y        
Liguriella   Y        Y          
Mesonychoteuthis            Y/N   Y      
Galiteuthis       Y    Y/N   Y      
Taonius       Y    * Y Y      
Teuthowenia     Y      Y     Y   Y
Megalocranchia         Y         Y Y*
Egea     Y   Y            
* May be present in young.
Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Galiteuthis armata
Location Central North Atlantic
Acknowledgements Photograph taken on the MarEco cruise of the R/V G.O. SARS
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
View Side
Size 240 mm ML
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0.
Copyright © 2004
About This Page


University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA

Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Richard E. Young at

Page: Tree of Life Taoniinae Pfeffer 1912. Authored by Richard E. Young. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Young, Richard E. 2016. Taoniinae Pfeffer 1912. Version 27 February 2016 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Taoniinae/19545/2016.02.27 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

edit this page
close box

This page is a Tree of Life Branch Page.

Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

close box

Taoniinae

Page Content

articles & notes

collections

people

Explore Other Groups

random page

  go to the Tree of Life home page
top