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Containing group: Eutheria

Other Names for Artiodactyla

• Even-toed ungulates

References

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Agnarsson, I. and L. J. May-Collado. 2008. The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48(3):964-985.

Boisserie, J. R., F. Lihoreau, and M. Brunet. 2005. The position of hippopotamidae within cetartiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 102(5):1537-1541.

Buntjer, J. B., I. A. Hoff, and J. A. Lenstra. 1997. Artiodactyl interspersed DNA repeats in cetacean genomes. Journal of Molecular Evolution 45:66-69.

Carroll, R.L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Douzery, E. and F. M. Catzeflis. 1995. Molecular evolution of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA in Ungulata (Mammalia). Journal of Molecular Evolution 41:622-636.

Gatesy, J. 1997. More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:537-543.

Gatesy, J., C. Hayashi, M. A. Cronin, and P. Arctander. 1996. Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:954-963.

Gatesy, J., M. Milinkovitch, V. Waddell, and M. Stanhope. 1999. Stability of cladistic relationships between Cetacea and higher-level Artiodactyl taxa. Systematic Biology 48:6-20.

Gatesy, J., P. O'Grady, and R. H. Baker. 1999. Corroboration among data sets in simultaneous analysis: Hidden support for phylogenetic relationships among higher level artiodactyl taxa. Cladistics 15:271-313.

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Kleineidam, R. G., G. Pesole, H. J. Breukelman, J. J. Beintema, R. A. Kastelein. 1999. Inclusion of cetaceans within the order Artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48:360-368.

Klungland, H., K. H. Roed, C. L. Nesbo, K. S. Jakobsen, and D. I. Vage. 1999. The melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1-R) gene as a tool in evolutionary studies of Artiodactyles. Hereditas 131:39-46.

Kostia, S., M. Ruohonen-Lehto, R. Vainola, and S.-L. Varvio. 2000. Phylogenetic information in inter-SINE and interSSR fingerprints of the Artiodactyla and evolution of the Bov-tA SINE. Heredity 84:37-45.

Langer, P. 2001. Evidence from the digestive tract on phylogenetic relationships in ungulates and whales. Journal of Zoology, Systematics, Evolution and Research 39:77-90.

Lin, C. S., Y. L. Sun, C. Y. Liu, P. C. Yang, L. C. Chang, I. C. Cheng, S J. T. Mao, and M. C. Huang. 1999. Complete nucleotide sequence of pig (Sus scrofa) mitochondrial genome and dating evolutionary divergence within Artiodactyla. Gene 236:107-114.

Luo, Z.-X. 2000. In search of the whales' sisters. Nature 404:235-239.

Mahon, A. 2004. A molecular supertree of the Artiodactyla. Pages 411-437 in Phylogenetic Supertrees: Combining Information to Reveal the Tree of Life. O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds), ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

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Naylor, G. J. P. and D. C. Adams. 2001. Are the fossil data really at odds with the molecular data? Morphological evidence for Cetartiodactyla phylogeny reexamined. Systematic Biology, 50:444-453.

Nikaido, M., A. P. Rooney, and N. Okada. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 96:10261-10266.

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Pérez-Barbería, F. J. and I. J. Gordon. 2000. Differences in body mass and oral morphology between the sexes in the Artiodactyla: evolutionary relationships with sexual segregation. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2:667-684.

Pérez-Barbería, F. J., I. J. Gordon, and C. Nores. 2001. Evolutionary transitions among feeding styles and habitats in ungulates. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3:221-230.

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Prothero, D. R. and R. M. Schoch. 2002. Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Randi, E., V. Lucchini, and C. H. Diong. 1996. Evolutionary genetics of the suiformes as reconstructed using mtDNA sequencing. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3:163-194.

Rose, K. D. 1996. On the origin of the order Artiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93:1705-1709.

Shedlock, A. M., M. C. Milinkovitch, and N. Okada. 2000. SINE evolution, missing data, and the origin of whales. Systematic Biology, 49:808-816.

Shimamura, M., H. Yasue, K. Ohshima, H. Abe, H. Kato, T. Kishiro, M. Goto, I. Munechika, and N. Okada. 1997. Molecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even-toed ungulates. Nature 388:666-670.

Stoner, C. J., T. M. Caro, and C. M. Graham. 2003. Ecological and behavioral correlates of coloration in artiodactyls: systematic analyses of conventional hypotheses. Behavioral Ecology 14(6):823-840.

Theodor, J. M. 2004. Molecular clock divergence estimates and the fossil record of Cetartiodactyla. Journal of Paleontology 78(1):39-44.

Thewissen, J. G. M. and S. I. Madar. 1999. Ankle morphology of the earliest cetaceans and its implications for the phylogenetic relations among ungulates. Systematic Biology 48:21-30.

Ursing, B. M. and U. Arnason. 1998. Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus-whale clade. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265:2251-2255.

Information on the Internet

• Introduction to the Artiodactyla. UCMP Berkeley.
• Order Artiodactyla. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
• Artiodactyla. The Ultimate Ungulate Page.
• Transitional Vertebrate Fossils: Artiodactyls (cloven-hoofed animals). The Talk.Origins Archive.
• Cetartiodactyla. Molecular Phylogeny Group.
• Artiodactyla: Whose Tooth is This? Information about the teeth of fossil Florida artiodactyls. Florida Museum of Natural History.
• Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos Specialist Group Report. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Species Survival Commission.