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Bathyteuthoidea Vecchione, Young and Sweeney, 2004

Richard E. Young and Michael Vecchione
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Containing group: Decapodiformes

Introduction

These are small mesopelagic to bathypelagic squids.

Brief diagnosis:

A decapodiform ...

Characteristics

  1. Arms
    1. Suckers in four or more series at some point on arms I-III.
    2. Suckers without circularis muscles.

  2. Tentacles
    1. Club not divided into manus and dactylus.
    2. Carpal locking-apparatus absent.
    3. Club suckers in more than 7 irregular series.
    4. Suckers without circularis muscles.

  3. Buccal crown
    1. Buccal supports bear small suckers.
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure. Side view of buccal crown and oral views of arms II and III of Bathyteuthis berryi. Arrows point to suckers on the buccal supports. Photograph by R. Young.

  4. Head
    1. Head with tentacle pockets.
    2. An introduction to the beaks of the Bathyteuthoidea can be found here.

  5. Mantle
    1. Mantle locking-apparatus reaches anterior mantle edge.

  6. Fins
    1. Fins with posterior lobes.

  7. Shell
    1. Shell a gladius with spoon-shaped conus.

  8. Viscera
    1. Gills with branchial canals.
    2. Oviducts paired.

  9. Eggs
    1. Eggs in gelatinous egg masses held in arms of pelagic, brooding female (Bathyteuthidae; unknown in Chtenopterygidae).

Comments

Buccal connectives attach to the ventral borders of Arms IV in the Chtenopterygidae and to the dorsal borders in the Bathyteuthididae. Suckers on the buccal supports are found in members of only four families (Bathyteuthidae, Chtenopterygidae, Loliginidae, Sepiidae). The suckers look much like the arm suckers but are much smaller.

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

The two genera that represent these families (Bathyteuthis, Cthenopteryx) were, at one time, placed within the same family (e.g., Naef, 1921) because they share a number of similar features. They especially show strong similarities in the structure of the tentacular clubs, the sucker arrangement on the arms and the morphology of their gladii. Roper (1969) considered them to belong to separate families and emphasized the differences in the attachment of the buccal crown to arms IV. Others (e.g., Clarke, 1988) have considered them to be distantly related. Their close relationship to one another, however, has been confirmed by a molecular study (Carlini, 1998).

The relationship of the Bathyteuthoidea to other groups is uncertain as they share some characters with both the Oegopsida and the Myopsida.

Other Names for Bathyteuthoidea Vecchione, Young and Sweeney, 2004

References

Clarke, M. R. (1988). Evolution of recent cephalopods -- A brief review. P. 331-313. In: Clarke, M. R. and E. R. Trueman (Eds.). The Mollusca. Vol. 12. Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods. Academic Press, New York. 355pp.

Carlini, D. B. The phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods inferred from molecular evolutionary analyses of the cytochrome oxidase I, muscle actin, and cytoplasmic actin genes. Ph.D. diss. Coll. William and Mary, 273 pp.

Naef, A. (1921/23). Cephalopoda. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel. Monograph, no. 35. English translation: A. Mercado (1972). Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel. 863pp., IPST Cat. No. 5110/1,2.

Roper, C.F.E. 1969. Systematics and zoogeography of the worldwide bathypelagic squid Bathyteuthis (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 291:1-210.

Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Bathyteuthis abyssicola
Location Antarctic waters
Comments Photographed in a shipboard aquarium.
Copyright © 1996 Edward McSweeny
Scientific Name Chtenopteryx sp.
Location Off Hawaii
Comments The visceral and ocular photophore are visible through the transparent mantle and head muscles.
View ventral
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0.
Copyright © 1996
About This Page


University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA


National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. , USA

Page: Tree of Life Bathyteuthoidea Vecchione, Young and Sweeney, 2004. Authored by Richard E. Young and Michael Vecchione. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Young, Richard E. and Michael Vecchione. 2016. Bathyteuthoidea Vecchione, Young and Sweeney, 2004. Version 27 February 2016 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Bathyteuthoidea/19421/2016.02.27 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

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