Passerida

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

Passerida was erected by Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) as a sister group to Corvida; together they encompassed all the oscines. While Corvida has been shown not to exist as a group, Passerida has survived roughly intact, as have most of the superfamilies within it.

Picathartidae (rockfowl) and Petroicidae (Australian robins) are basal members of Passerida (Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Beresford et al. 2005). Regulidae (kinglets) and Hyliota are closer to other Passerida than the previous two families, but cannot so far be linked to any of the superfamilies (Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Ericson and Johansson 2003; Beresford et al. 2005; Fuchs et al. 2006).

Three of the passeridan superfamilies, Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea, and Passeroidea, are roughly similar to Sibley and Ahlquist’s (1990) groups (Sheldon and Gill 1996; Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Ericson and Johansson 2003; Beresford et al. 2005). It has however been necessary to add a fourth, Certhioidea (Cracraft et al. 2004, Barker et al. 2004). Sylvioidea is sister to all other passeridan superfamilies, and Muscicapoidea is sister to Certhioidea (Sheldon and Gill 1996; Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Beresford et al. 2005).

It may be that Promeropidae (sugarbirds) is the basal family in Passeroidea, but that conclusion is weakly supported, and only by different versions of one data set (Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Beresford et al. 2005). What may be partial confirmation is offered by Fuchs et al. (2006). The two genera Modulatrix (spot-throat) and Arcanator (dapple-throat, sometimes merged into Modulatrix) are strongly supported as the sister group of Promerops (Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Beresford et al. 2005). Fuchs et al. (2006), again with weak support, show Modulatrix and Arcanator as the sister group of Passeroidea, but Promerops appears in a polytomy at the base of Passerida, and in light of the ambiguity of this information, it seems best to leave the entire family there. However, there does seem to be good evidence for inclusion of those two species, whose relationships have previously been highly uncertain (Sibley and Monroe 1990), as sister taxa within Promeropidae. 

References

Barker, F. K., G. F. Barrowclough, and J. G. Groth. 2002. A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds; Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269:295-308.

Barker, F. K., A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein, and J. Cracraft. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:11040-11045.

Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan, and T. M. Crowe. 2005. African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): Molecular systematics of several evolutionary "enigmas". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 272:849-858.

Cracraft, J., F. K. Barker, M. J. Braun, J. Harshman, G. Dyke, J. Feinstein, S. Stanley, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, P. Beresford, J. Garcia-Moreno, M. D. Sorenson, T. Yuri, and D. P. Mindell. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): Toward an avian tree of life. Pages 468-489 in Assembling the tree of life (J. Cracraft and M. J. Donoghue, eds.). Oxford University Press, New York.

Ericson, P. G. P., and U. S. Johansson. 2003. Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 29:126-138.

Fuchs, J., J. Fjelds?, R. C. K. Bowie, G. Voelker, and E. Pasquet. 2006. The African warbler genus Hyliota as a lost lineage in the oscine songbird tree: Molecular support for an African origin of the Passerida. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 39:186-197.

Harshman, J. 1994. Reweaving the Tapestry: What can we learn from Sibley and Ahlquist (1990)? Auk 111:377-388.

Harshman, J. 2006. Classification and phylogeny of birds. Pages ??-?? in Reproductive biology and phylogeny of birds (B. G. M. Jamieson, ed.). Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH.

Sheldon, F. H., and F. B. Gill. 1996. A reconsideration of songbird phylogeny, with emphasis on the evolution of titmice and their sylvioid relatives. Syst. Biol. 45:473-495.

Sibley, C. G., and J. A. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and classification of birds, Yale U. Press, New Haven.

Sibley, C. G., and B. L. Monroe Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world, Yale University Press, New Haven.