Onykia Lesueur, 1821

Note: this tree is still under construction. It does not yet contain all known Onykia subgroups.

Introduction

Adults of Onykia are medium-sized (275 mm ML) to very large (1600 mm ML) squids which are the largest members of the family. Only two genera of cephalopods, Architeuthis, the true giant squid, and Mesonychoteuthis, a cranchiid squid, grow to greater lengths than some species of Onykia. Species of Onykia are well known from high latitudes. Tropical species, however, are poorly known.

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Figure. O. robusta aboard trawler, high North Pacific. Photographed by ?

Brief diagnosis: 

An onychoteuthid ...

• without gladius visible beneath skin in dorsal midline.
• with 3 occipital folds.
• without suckers on distal portion of club before terminal pad.

Characteristics

1. Tentacles
   1. Clubs of subadults and adults with two series of hooks; suckers limited to carpal cluster and terminal pad.
      

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      Figure. Oral view of the tentacular club of O. ingens. Drawing from Pfeffer, 1912.

2. Head
   1. Three occipital folds present (arrows in photograph). Occipital membrane from fold number 3 extends to, or nearly to, nuchal cartilage.
      

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      Figure. Lateral view of head showing occipital folds, Onykia sp.(robusta?), 25 mm ML, ca 32°N off southern California, NMNH #542.

3. Funnel
   1. Funnel groove with inverted Y-shaped ridge in squid over 100 mm ML. This characters is known in O. lonnbergii, O. robusta and O. robsoni. Its presence in other species is uncertain although it appears to be absent in O. ingens and O. knipovitchi.
   2. Anterior margin of funnel groove rounded.
      

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      Figure. Left - Ventrolateral view of the head of O. robusta showing the funnel groove, 160 mm ML. Drawing from Okutani, 1983. Right - Ventral view of head and funnel groove of O. robsoni (?), northeast coast of USA. Photograph by R. Young.

4. Mantle
   1. Dermis of mantle skin with warts or soft wrinkles (except in O. knipovitchi).
      

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      Figure. The skin of O. ingens. Drawing from Pfeffer, 1912.

5. Photophores
   1. Photophores absent.
   
   
6. Gladius
   1. Gladius with long, thick, cartilaginous-like rostrum.
   2. Long, lanceolate vanes extend into conus field without the narrow, posterior "neck" seen in Onychoteuthis, Ancistroteuthis and Notonykia.
      

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      Figure. Ventral view of the gladius of O. ingens with cross-sections and a side view of the conus and rostrum. Drawings from Pfeffer, 1912.

Comments

The rostrum of the gladius is peculiar, not only in its size but in its cartilage-like structure. The drawing in Fig. A shows the conus of the gladius with the rostrum removed (it detaches easily from the gladius). Along side it (Fig. B is a drawing of the removed rostrum. Fig. C shows a scanning electron micrograph cross-section throuh the rostrum at the point of the arrow in Fig. B. Note the spaces, fluid-filled in life, that give the rostrum its cartilage-like consistency.

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Figure. Gladius of O. robusta. Drawings and photomicrograph from Toll, 1982. A - Ventral view of the gladius conus. B - Ventral view of the rostrum. C - Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of the rostrum.

Species comparisons

Nomenclature

For over a century members of this taxon were placed in the genus Moroteuthis. In 1991, Tsuchiya and Okutani demonstrated that specimens historically attributed Onykia Lesueur, 1821, were the young stages of knownspecies of Moroteuthis Verrill, 1881, making the latter genus name a junior synonym of the former. Tsuchiya and Okutani (1991) also demonstrated that "Moroteuthis" japonica (Taki, 1964) and "Moroteuthis" pacifica were growth stages of Onykia robusta. Kubodera et al. (1998) state that Onykia indica Okutani, 1981 is probably the young form of some known species of Onykia.

Life History

Young Onykia, like the ca 10 mm ML squid in the photograph (below left), are common members of the oceanic neuston. They are often associated with floating debris and have a bluish iridescence. Even at 25 mm ML (below right) some species may still be neustonic.

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Figure. Left - Side view of a juvenile Onykia sp., ca. 1 cm ML, Hawaiian waters, live. Right - Side view of a juvenile Onykia sp., 25 mm ML, off southern California (NMNH #542), preserved. Photographs by R. Young.

The paralarvae (Figs. A-C below) have a distinctive appearance: They are broad and have a characteristic line of large dorsal mantle chromatophores whose widths increase posteriorly. Small paralarvae often are observed in preserved samples with the head mostly withdrawn into the mantle cavity as shown in Fig. A.

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Figure. Ventral and dorsal views of paralarvae and an early juvenile of Onykia sp. A - 1.7 mm ML paralarva. B - 2.7 mm ML paralarva. C - 3.4 mm ML paralarva. D - 5.6 mm ML juvenile. A-C show paralarvae with contracted anterior mantle margins which are commonly observed in preserved paralarvae. These growth stages were taken from plankton tows in Hawaiian waters. The adult is unknown. The scale bar is 1 mm.

References

Kubodera, T., U. Piatkowski, T. Okutani and M.R. Clarke. 1998. Taxonomy and Zoogeography of the Family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 586: 277-291.

Okutani, T. 1983. A new species of an oceanic squid, Moroteuthis pacifica from the North Pacific (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae). Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Ser. A (Zoology), 9:105-113.

Pfeffer, G. 1912. Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. 2: 1-815.

Toll, R.B. 1982. The comparative morphology of the gladius in the Order Teuthoidea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in relation to systematics and phylogeny. PhD. Dissertation, University of Miami, 390 pp.

Tsuchiya, K., and T. Okutani. 1991. Growth Stages of Moroteuthis robusta (Verrill, 1881) with the Re-evaluation of the Genus. Bulletin of Marine Science, 49(1/2):137-147.